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The early modern history of the Old Swiss Confederacy (''Eidgenossenschaft'', also known as the "Swiss Republic" or ''Republica Helvetiorum''), lasting from formal independence in 1648 to the French invasion of 1798 came to be referred as ''Ancien Régime'' retrospectively, in post-Napoleonic Switzerland. The early modern period was characterized by an increasingly aristrocratic and oligarchic ruling class as well as frequent economic or religious revolts. The loosely organized Confederation remained generally disorganized and crippled by religious divisions.〔(Wikisource 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica vol 26, pg 256 ) requires (AlternaTIFF to view )〕 During this period the Confederation gained independence from the Holy Roman Empire with support from France, and had very close relations with France. The early modern period also saw the growth of French-Swiss literature with several famous authors. ==Thirteen Cantons== The Old Swiss Confederacy between phases of expansion consisted of Eight Cantons (''Acht Orte'') during 1352–1481, and of Thirteen Cantons from 1513 until its collapse in 1798. The Thirteen Cantons thus correspond to the sovereign territories of Early Modern Switzerland. They were listed in a fixed order of precedence, first the Eight Cantons of the 14th century Confederacy, then the five cantons which joined after the Burgundian Wars, and within these two groups, the more powerful urban cantons were listed first, with Zurich heading the list as the ''de facto'' Vorort of the Eight Cantons prior to the Swiss Reformation.〔Im Hof, U.. ''Geschichte der Schweiz'', 7th ed., Stuttgart: W. Kohlhammer, 1974/2001. ISBN 3-17-017051-1. 〕 The order of precedence, similar but not identical to the modern order (which lists Zug after Glarus, and Basel after Solothurn), was as follows: # 20px Zurich, city canton, since 1351 # 20px Berne, city canton, since 1353; associate since 1323 # 20px Lucerne, city canton, since 1332 # 20px Uri, founding canton (Pact of Brunnen 1315) # 22px 20px Schwyz, founding canton (Pact of Brunnen 1315) # 20px 20px Unterwalden, founding canton (Pact of Brunnen 1315)〔the old coat of arms of Unterwalden was identical with that of Solothurn; the new coat of arms was introduced in the 17th century.〕 # 20px Zug, city canton, since 1352 # 21px Glarus, rural canton, since 1352 # 20px Basel, city canton, since 1501 # 20px Fribourg, city canton, since 1481; associate since 1454 # 20px Solothurn, city canton, since 1481; associate since 1353〔the coat of arms of Solothurn was identical with that of Unterwalden during the 16th and early 17th centuries, and therefore sometimes shown with inverted colours or asymmetric division of the shield for disambiguation.〕 # 20px Schaffhausen, city canton, since 1501; associate since 1454 # 20px Appenzell, rural canton, since 1513; associate since 1411 Symbolic depictions of the Confederacy consisted of arrangements of the thirteen cantonal coats of arms, sometimes with an additional symbol of unity, such as two clasping hands, or the "Swiss Bull" or (from the later 17th century), the Three Confederates or the ''Helvetia'' allegory. The cantonal coats of arms were often accompanied by the coats of arms of the close associates of the confederacy, including Biel, the Imperial Abbey of St. Gallen, Imperial City of St. Gallen, the Sieben Zenden (Valais), the Three Leagues (Grisons), the Imperial City of Mulhouse, the Imperial City of Geneva and the Imperial City of Rottweil. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Early Modern Switzerland」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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